- First referee: stands on the referee stand at one end of the net, eyes about 50 cm above the net. Directs the match; decisions are final; can overrule other officials.
- Second referee: stands on the floor outside the court near the post, facing the first referee. Controls time-outs and substitutions, checks the receiving team’s positions, and calls net touches and centre-line faults (especially on their side).
- Scorer: keeps the score sheet, checks rotation order and records time-outs, substitutions and sanctions. An assistant scorer records libero replacements.
- Line judges (2 or 4): stand at the court corners with flags to signal ball in/out, touches, antenna faults and foot faults.
- Only the first and second referees may blow the whistle during the match.
Loading…